COMPARISON OF DIAMAGNETIC, PARAMAGNETIC, AND FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS
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Abstract
This review article presents a comprehensive comparison and analysis of diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic materials play a crucial role in modern physics and technological advancements; therefore, a clear understanding of their properties is essential. The main objective of this study is to examine the fundamental characteristics, differences, and practical applications of these three categories of magnetic materials. This review is based on an analysis of various scientific articles, textbooks, and previously published research studies. The findings reveal that the primary distinctions between these materials lie in their magnetic susceptibility, atomic magnetic moments, and thermal stability. Diamagnetic materials exhibit weak negative magnetism and are repelled by an external magnetic field, showing a susceptibility that is independent of temperature. In contrast, paramagnetic materials show weak positive magnetism and are slightly attracted to the field, following Curie’s Law. Furthermore, ferromagnetic materials demonstrate strong magnetic behavior, characterized by domain formation and the ability to retain magnetization even after the removal of the external field (remanence).these materials are also uniquely distinguished by their non-linear hysteresis loops and their transition to a paramagnetic state above the Curie temperature. These differences are primarily attributed to the alignment of electron spins and the nature of magnetic moments. In conclusion, these materials have wide-ranging applications in scientific, industrial, and technological fields, and their detailed study is essential for the continued development of advanced technologies.
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